Beam
Blocking & Trapping clause
Both to blame collision Clause
Bale, Bag
Bunker surcharge
Bill Book, Below Bridges
Both to blame collision clause
Bristol Channel
Both days inclusive
Broker's daily statement
Range of ports between and including Bordeaux & Hamburg
Brake hore-power
British Insurance Brokers' Association
Buyer's option, Branch Office
Board of Trade
Between perpendiculars; Boiling point
Bank Post Bill
Builders' Risks Insurance
Broker Regulatory Committee (Lloyds's), Brokers Registration Council
Boiler survey. Balance sheet
Bottom (or base) sediment and water
British Summer Time
Bow Thrust Unit(s)
Bureau Veritas
British Thermal Unit
Bristol Channel
Bank Draft, bar draft (grain trade)
Bill of Exchange, Bill of Entry
Bondage goods
Bill of Health, Bordeaux to Hamburg inclusive
Abbreviation for Bill of Lading.
The fine print on B/L; defines what the carrier can and cannot do, including the carrier's liabilities and contractual agreements.
Represents whether the bill of lading has been input, rated, reconciled, printed, or released to the customer.
Refers to the type of B/L being issued. Some examples are: a Memo (ME), Original (OBL), Nonnegotiable, Corrected (CBL) or Amended (AM) B/L.
Booking note
Brought over
Bills payable
Bills receivable. Builders' risks. Bordeaux or Rouen (grain trade)
Bill of Sale, Bill of Store
Bill of sight
Bags, Bales
Buenos Aires/Bahia Blanca Range
Barge aboard catamaran
Part or all of the return portion of a route over which a trailer or container has traveled (2) A deviation to move cargo on the return leg of a voyage for the purpose of minimizing ballast mileage and thereby reducing transportation costs.
The owners of a ship are entitled to payment as freight for merchandise returned through the fault of either the consignees or the consignors. Such payment, which is over and above the normal freight, is called backfreight.
Where a seller/shipper issues a 'letter of indemnity' in favor of the carrier in exchange for a clean bill of lading. May have only a limited value. Example: P & I problems.
But As Close To As Possible
Banque Arabe pour le Developpement Economique en Afrique
Abbreviation for Bunker Adjustment Factor. Used to compensate steamship lines for fluctuating fuel costs. Sometimes called Fuel Adjustment Factor or FAF.
An adjustment in shipping charges to offset price fluctuations in the cost of bunker fuel. Also known as a Bunker Surcharge (B/S).
General License - BAGGAGE
Various kinds of commodities usually packed in sacks or in bags, such as sugar, cement, milk powder, onion, grain, flour, etc.
Compensation for relatively long ballast voyage
A voyage or voyage leg made without any paying cargo in a vessel's tanks. To maintain proper stability, trim, or draft, seawater is usually carried during such movements.
Compartments at the bottom of a ship or on the sides which are filled with liquids for stability and to make the ship seaworthy. Any shipboard tank or compartment on a tanker normally used for carrying salt-water ballast. When these compartments or tanks are not connected with the cargo system, they are called segregated ballast tanks or systems.
Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior
(1) A charter in which the bare ship is chartered without crew; the charterer, for a stipulated sum taking over the vessel for a stated period of time, with a minimum of restrictions; the charterer appoints the master and the crew and pays all running expenses. See Demise Charter (2) Vessel contracts where charterers take over all responsibility for the operation of the vessel and expenses for a certain period.
Bareboat Charter Owners lease a specific ship and control its technical management and commercial operations only
Flat-bottomed boat designed to carry cargo on inland waterways, usually without engines or crew accommodations. Barges can be lashed together and either pushed or pulled by tugs, carrying cargo of 60,000 tons or more. Small barges for carrying cargo between ship and shore are known as lighters.
A way of loading cargo into large barges and then in turn loading the barges into a ship.
Fraudulent of Master/Crew against ship/cargo
Buy American Restrictions
Caribbean/Central America Business Advisory Service
Ballast Bonus (Special payment above the Chartering price when the ship has to sail a long way on ballast to reach the loading port.)
Break Bulk Cargo
Before breaking bulk. Refers to freight payments that must be received before discharge of a vessel commences.
Bareboat-cum-demise
Barrels
Bulk Carrier; British Columbia; British Channel
Baltic Cape Index
Business Council for International Understanding
Bow to Centre Manifold
Abbreviation for Beneficial Cargo Owner. Refers to the importer of record, who physically takes possession of cargo at destination and does not act as a third party in the movement of such goods.
Border Cargo Selectivity
Bar draft, below deck
Both dates (days) included
Bundle
Benzene
The maximum breadth of a ship
A measure of wind speed
Billion ECU
Border Environment Cooperation Commission
Business Executive Enforcement Team
BEGinning
Freight accommodation below the main deck.
Both ends
The actual owner of the lading who is using a consolidator
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
Term used in a voyage charter party, e.g. vessel shall proceed to Berth 2 at Falmouth.
When a liner cargo vessel accepts extra cargo to fill the empty space remaining.
A regularly scheduled steamship line with regularly published schedules (ports of call) from and to defined trade areas.
A regularly scheduled steamship line with regularly published schedules (ports of call) from and to defined trade areas.
Baltic Freight Index
Bunker fuel oil
Bagged
Bill of health;Bulkhead
Bulkhead
Bulk harmless fertilizers
Brake horse power
Both inclusive
Best Information Available
Business and Industry Advisory Committee
Bulk in, bag out
British International Freight Association
The Baltic International Freight Futures Index
A bill of lading which has exemptions to the receipt of merchandise in apparent good order noted.
(1) A bill of lading which bears no superimposed clause or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and/or the packaging (Article 18, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits). A bill of lading that contains a clause declaring defective goods is called a Foul Bill of Lading. (2) A bill of lading that is silent as to the place of storage, indicating that the goods have been stowed under deck.
A bill of lading issued by a forwarder to a shipper as a receipt for merchandise that the forwarder will consolidate with cargo obtained from other exporters and ship to his agent at the port of destination. In most cases, the Forwarder's Bill of Lading has legal standing for banking purposes. Also called House Bill of Lading.
A receipt for goods issued by a carrier bearing a notation that the outward containers or the goods have been damaged.
A bill of lading used in transporting goods overland to the exporter's international carrier.
A document defining the terms and conditions of carriage for transport of cargo by sea freight.
A bill of lading acknowledging that the relative goods have been received on board for shipment on a specified vessel.
A negotiable bill of lading. There are two types: (1) A bill drawn to the order of a foreign consignee, enabling him to endorse the bill to a third party. (2) A bill drawn to the order of the shipper and endorsed by him either in blank or to a named consignee. The purpose of the latter bill is to protect the shipper against the buyer's obtaining the merchandise before he has paid or accepted the relative draft. (See also Endorsement in Blank)
A bill of lading acknowledging the receipt of goods by a carrier for shipment on a specified vessel. This type of bill of lading is not acceptable under a letter of credit unless it is specially authorized. English law does not regard these bills as a valid tender under CIF contracts because the CIF seller is obligated to ship the goods, and a Received for Shipment Bill of Lading is not considered proof of shipment.
A non-negotiable bill of lading whereby the consignee named in the bill is the owner of the relative goods.
A bill of lading that covers transportation by more than one carrier from the point of issue to the final destination (e.g., a bill from New York, via Kurabo, to Pampatar, Venezuela).
A bill of lading showing the place of receipt by the carrier at an inland point, with transport to the port of exit accomplished using rail/intermodal connections.
A bill containing reservations as to the good order and condition of the goods or the packaging or both. Examples: bags torn,drums leaking, one case damaged, and rolls chafed.
A written description of goods given by an importer to a customs officer in the event shipping documents have not arrived in time and the importer wishes to avoid delayed entry charges. When an importer enters goods on a bill of sight, he usually must make a cash deposit covering the estimated amount of duty. When the shipping documents are received and a correct entry is made, the exact amount of duty is levied.
The carrier performing the first line haul service of the movement. This carrier is responsible for preparing the waybill document.
British Iron and Steel Corporation
Bar keel
Bale
Cargo banned by general cargo workers for some reason. This ban could be because the cargo is dangerous or hazardous to health.
Bulk
Baltic Sea
Ballast
Beam
British Marine Mutual
Best Offer
Berthing on arrival
Bunker on Board
Bulk Oil Carrier
Bunkers on delivery
Board of directors approval
Best Offer
Bunkers on re-delivery
Bulk, Oil and roll-on, roll-off vessel
Beginning Of Sea Passage
A propeller at the lower sea-covered part of the bow of the ship which turns at right angles to the fore-and-aft line and thus provides transverse thrust as a maneuvering aid.
Baltic Panama Index
Bulgarian Register of Shipping
See Beam
(1) A vessel designed to handle palletized, pre-slung, boxed, and unitized cargo. Holds can be at the open bay or between deck type. Between deck means, the hold can be converted from multi levels to open bay. This type of vessel is usually self-sustaining. (2) A general, multipurpose, cargo ship that carriers cargoes of non-uniform sizes, often on pallets, resulting in labor-intensive loading and unloading; calls at various ports to pick up different kinds of cargoes.
The weight at which freight charges change, e.g., 100 kilos.
Best Regards
Used loosely to refer to the navigating section of the vessel where the wheel house and chart room are located; erected structure amidships or aft or very rarely fore over the main deck of a ship to accommodate the wheelhouse.
Basic Research in Industrial Technologies in Europe
Broker
Broker(s)
Bridge Resources Management
Bunkers Remaining on Board
Gross tonnage
Broken Stowage
Bills of lading
British Shippers Council
Black Sea
British Standards Institution
Business Sponsored or Between Show Promotion
Basis
Basis 1 port to 1 port
British Summer Time, British Standard Time
Berth terms
Butadiene
Brussels Tariff Nomenclature
British Thermal Unit
There are two types of bulk carriers, the dry-bulk carrier, and the liquid-bulk carrier, better known as a tanker. Bulk cargo is a shipment such as oil, grain, or one which is not packaged, bundled, bottled, or otherwise packed and is loaded without counting or marking.
Dry cargo shipped in containers, loose and in bulk, without counting or marking.
This is the assembly of pieces of cargo, secured into one manageable unit. This is a very flexible description, a rule of thumb is to present cargo at a size easily handled by a large (20 ton) fork lift truck
Fuel consumed by the engines of a ship; compartments or tanks in a ship for fuel storage.
A floating object employed as an aid to mariners to mark the navigable limits of channels, their fairways, sunken dangers, isolated rocks, telegraph cables, and the like; floating devices fixed in place at sea, lake or river as reference points for navigation or for other purposes.
Bureau Veritas
Brackish water
Brackish water allowance
Brackish Water Arrival Draft
Brackish water departure draft
Bureau of Export Administration
Business
A new letter of credit issued to another beneficiary on the strength of a primary credit. The second L/C uses the first L/C as collateral for the bank. Used in a three-party transaction.
To haul a shipment back over part of a route it has traveled.
Balance
The balance of payments is a statistical summary of international transactions. These transactions are defined as the transfer of ownership of something that has an economic value measurable in monetary terms from residents of one country to residents of
The coordination between the GATT and the IMF to ensure that trade and payments implications of trade restrictions imposed for balance of payments reasons are taken fully into account.
Current account; - Goods, services, and income; - Investment income; - Merchandise trade; - Services; - Unilateral transfers See: Balance of Payments.
Stability and safety of a ship which is not carrying cargo.
Light, bulky articles.
See: Central American Bank for Economic Integration.
See: Inter-American Development Bank.
BLADEX (English: Latin American Export Bank) is a multinational bank which provides short- (95%+) and medium-term financing. Operations are conducted in U.S. dollars. Borrowers are primarily Latin American commercial banks of member countries
BANCOMEXT, Mexico's national foreign trade bank, provides credits, guarantees, and promotion services to support Mexico's foreign trade. BANCOMEXT also assists Mexican importers by providing short-term loans to support importation of selected commodities
The Bank Advisory Committee, which in some respects has replaced the London Club, is not a structured or formal organization. The Bank Advisory Committee consists mostly of lead bankers in an individual debtor country. The lead bankers, representing the
An Export Trading Company partially or wholly owned by a banking institution as provided under the U.S. Export Trading Company Act.
An assurance, obtained from a bank by a foreign purchaser; that the bank will pay an exporter up to a given amount for goods shipped if the foreign purchaser defaults. (see: Letter of Credit.)
Any company which directly or indirectly owns or controls, with power to vote, more than five percent of voting shares of each of one or more other banks.
Negotiable time draft drawn on and accepted by a bank which adds its credit to that of an importer of merchandise.
BIS, established in 1930, promotes cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements. Members include: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irela
The bank (French: Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Central, BEAC) issues a common currency unit, the Central African Franc. Members include The Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, People's Republic of Congo, Gabon, and Equitarial Guinea. France part
A banker's acceptance is a draft drawn on and accepted by a bank. Depending on the bank's creditworthiness, the acceptance becomes a financial instrument which can be discounted.
A bank that is established by mutual consent by independent and unaffiliated banks to provide a clearinghouse for financial transactions.
Draft payable on demand and drawn by or on behalf of the bank itself; it is regarded as cash and cannot be returned unpaid.
See: Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa.
See: West African Development Bank
See: Central African States Development Bank.
See: Development Bank of the Great Lakes States.
See: Bank of Central African States.
Barrel
see Charter, Bareboat.
Inland - Self propelled vessels and towed or pushed dumb craft, employed in port areas and sheltered waterways, which are not classified as seagoing vessels.
A cargo vessel arranged for the carriage of purpose built barges (lighters) loaded with cargo. Typically loading is by way of a gantry crane. Also known as Lighter Aboard SHip vessels (LASH)
A barge carrier which is semi submersible for the float on loading/unloading of the barges
Ships designed to carry barges; some are fitted to act as full containerships and can carry a varying number of barges and containers at the same time. At present this class includes two types of vessels LASH and Sea-Bee.
An act committed by the master or mariners of a vessel, for some unlawful or fraudulent purpose, contrary to their duty to the owners, whereby the latter sustain injury. It may include negligence, if so gross as to evidence fraud.
A term of measure referring to 42 gallons of liquid at 60o F.
Trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other merchandise or services without use of money.
See Lubricating Oils.
A tariff term referring to ocean rate less accessorial charges, or simply the base tariff rate.
The Basel Convention restricts trade in hazardous waste, some non-hazardous wastes, solid wastes, and incinerator ash. It was adopted in 1989 by a United Nations-sponsored conference of 116 nations in Basel, Switzerland. Twenty nations must ratify the tr
Bound, bond
Bundles
Boards (timber)
The width of a ship.
A tanker for the bulk carriage of beer
BLEU (French: UEBL, from Union Economique Belgo-Luxembourgeoise), established in July 1921, introduced a system of monetary association between Belgium and Luxembourg.
A switching railroad operating within a commercial area.
- Entity to whom money is payable. - The entity for whom a letter of credit is issued. - The seller and the drawer of a draft.
Benelux (acronym for Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg) is an economic union originally established in January 1948 and revised in January 1960. Benelux continues as an internal regional association within the European Community (EC) because the associ
Shipped under rate that includes cost from end of ship's tackle at load port to end of ship's tackle at discharge port.
Under GATT rules, when a respondent in an antidumping or countervailing duty case either declines to provide information, or provides inadequate information, the investigating authority has the right to resort to other information, a practice known as bes
Breadth extreme
Used with reference to charges assessed for cargo movement past a line-haul terminating point.
Bag
A contract term meaning both parties agree to provide something for the other.
A bilateral clearing agreement is a government-to-government reciprocal trade arrangement whereby two nations agree to a trade turnover of specified value over one or more years. The value of the products trade under the agreement is denominated in accou
A bilateral investment treaty, BIT, ensures U.S. investments abroad of national or most favored nation treatment; prohibits the imposition of performance requirements; and allows the American investor to engage top management in a foreign country without
The U.S. negotiated ten bilateral steel agreements, BSAs, with major steel trading partners. Under BSAs, the governments agreed to reduce or eliminate state intervention -- that is, domestic subsidies and market barriers.
In the United States, commonly known as a Draft. However, bill of exchange is the correct term.
(1)A document issued by a shipowner to a shipper of goods. It serves as a receipt for the goods, contract of carriage, and document of title.(2)Bills of lading are contracts between the owner of the goods and the carrier. There are two types. A straight bill of lading is nonnegotiable. A negotiable or shipper's order bill of lading can be bought, sold, or traded while goods are in transit and i
A document that establishes the terms of a contract between a shipper and a transportation company. It serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage and a receipt for goods.
Port where cargo is discharged from means of transport.
Confirms the transfer of ownership of certain goods to another person in return for money paid or loaned.
Customer designated as party paying for services
The weight shown in a waybill and freight bill, i.e, the invoiced weight
GATT Article 11 provides that signatories may ''bind'' tariff rates by including them in schedules appended to the GATT. Once a duty is bound, it may not be raised beyond that bound level without compensating affected parties.
Several classes of biological agents have been identified according to their degree of pathogenic hazard, and are controlled by the United States in accord with provisions of the Australia Group. Applications submitted to the Department of Commerce for t
A non propelled tank barge for the carriage of bitumen/asphalt
Back, Backwardation, Book
Breakage, brokerage
A bond covering a group of persons, articles or properties
- A rate applicable to or from a group of points. - A special rate applicable to several different articles in a single shipment.
A waybill covering two or more consignments of freight
A B/L wherein the paying customer has contracted with the carrier that shipper or consignee information is not given.
Stowing cargo destined for a specific location close together to avoid unnecessary cargo movement.
Railcars grouped in a train by destination so that segments (blocks) can be uncoupled and routed to different destinations as the train moves through various junctions. Eliminates the need to break up a train and sort individual railcars at each junction.
Wood or metal supports (Dunnage) to keep shipments in place to prevent cargo shifting.
Bales. Barrels
Built
Blue Lantern, a procedure pertaining to U.S. Munitions List items, is intended to verify that information stated on export license applications is valid and that the use of the commodity or service exported is consistent with the terms of the license.
To gain access to a vessel.
The basic unit of measurement for lumber. One board foot is equal to a oneinch board, 12 inches wide and one foot long. Thus, a board ten feet long, 12 inches wide, and one inch thick contains ten board feet.
Movement of a tractor, without trailer, over the highway.
A set of wheels built specifically as rear wheels under the container
A device fitted on a chassis or railcar to hold and secure the container
Port of initial Customs entry of a vessel to any country. Also known as First Port of Call.
The Bond System, a part of Customs' Automated Commercial System, provides information on bond coverage. A Customs bond is a contract between a principal, usually an importers, and a surety which is obtained to insure performance of an obligation imposed
Exchange which cannot be freely converted into other currencies.
Freight moving under a bond to U.S. Customs or to the Internal Revenue Service, and to be delivered only under stated conditions.
A warehouse authorized by Customs authorities for storage of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods are removed.
The U.S. Customs Service authorizes bonded warehouses for storage or manufacture of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until the goods enter the Customs Territory. The goods are not subject to duties if reshipped to foreign points.
Arrangements with a carrier for the acceptance and carriage of freight; i.e., a space reservation.
Reservation number used to secure equipment and act as a control number prior to completion of a B/L.
A naval vessel for laying harbour defence booms
BCS is an automated cargo selectivity system based on historical and other information. The system is designed to facilitate cargo processing and to improve Customs enforcement capabilities by providing targeting information to border locations.
The BECC is a U.S.-Mexican binational commission intended to facilitate border environmental clean-up and to provide additional support for community adjustment and investment related to the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Structural members on the longitudinal sides of the base of the container.
A type of air circulation in a temperature control container. Air is pulled by a fan from the top of the container, passed through the evaporator coil for cooling, and then forced through the space under the load and up through the cargo. This type of airflow provides even temperatures.
Tariff rates resulting from GATT negotiations or accession which are appended to the GATT in the form of a 'loose-leaf' tariff schedule and are enforceable under ARTICLE 11 of GATT.
The front of a vessel.
everyday term for container (or boxed vessel)
A closed rail freight car.
Break load
- To unload and distribute a portion or all of the contents of a rail car, container, or trailer. - Loose, non-containerized cargo.
An inland location where cargo is received by the ocean carrier and then moved to a coastal port for loading.
A port where cargo is received by the ocean carrier and stuffed into containers but then moved to another coastal port to be waded on a vessel.
The term British High Commission (BHC, or High Commission, HC, or Her Majesty's High Commission, HMHC) is used in lieu of embassy in Commonwealth countries.
The BOTB, located in the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), advises on international trade and guides the government's export promotion prorgram, including policy, financing, and overseas projects.
Barrel
- The loss of space caused by irregularity in the shape of packages. - Any void or empty space in a vessel or container not occupied by cargo.
A person who arranges for transportation of loads for a percentage of the revenue from the load.
Freight forwarder/broker compensation as specified by ocean tariff or contract.
A once widely used international tariff classification system which preceded the Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature (CCCN) and the Harmonized System Nomenclature (HS).
A vessel equipped to obtain material from the sea bed by use of circulating buckets. The material may be carried on board, transferred to other vessels, pumped ashore or deposited elsewhere using a spray
A non propelled dredger pontoon fitted with an endless chain of buckets lowered to the sea bed
A non propelled barge for the carriage of bulk aggregates
A self propelled barge with an arrangement of topside ballast tanks for the carriage of bulk dry cargo of a homogeneous nature
Bulk cargo is unbound as loaded and carried aboard ship; it is without mark or count, in a loose unpackaged form, and has homongeneous characteristics.
A self propelled bulk barge fitted with a conveyor belt (or similar system) and a boom which can discharge cargo alongside or to shore without the assistance of any external equipment
A bulk carrier fitted with self trimming holds, a conveyor belt (or similar system) and a boom which can discharge cargo alongside or to shore without the assistance of any external equipment
A Great Lakes bulk carrier fitted with a conveyor belt (or similar system) and a boom which can discharge cargo alongside or to shore without the assistance of any external equipment
A single deck cargo vessel with an arrangement of topside ballast tanks for the carriage of bulk dry cargo of a homogeneous nature
A bulk carrier with movable decks for the additional carriage of new vehicles
A single deck cargo vessel with dimensions suited to the limitations of Great Lakes of North America trade, unsuitable for open sea navigation. Hatches are more numerous than standard bulk carriers, and much wider than they are long
All vessels designed to carry bulk cargo such as grain, fertilizers, ore, and oil.
A non propelled barge for the carriage of bulk cement
A self propelled barge fitted with pumping arrangements for the carriage of cement in bulk. There are no weather deck hatches. May be self discharging
A vessel designed for the bulk transport of cement cargoes. Not designed for operation in open sea
A stationary storage vessel for bulk cement cargo
A non propelled storage barge for dry cargoes
A stationary storage vessel for bulk dry cargo
A container with a discharge hatch in the front wall; allows bulk commodities to be carried.
A bulk carrier arranged for the alternative (but not simultaneous) carriage of crude oil
- A partition separating one part of a ship, freight car, aircraft or truck from another part.
Cargo-securing devices mounted in the floor of containers; allow lashing and securing of cargo.
The Bundesbank is the German central bank. The main functions of the Bundesbank are to regulate the money supply, support the general economic policy of the federal government, and issue banknotes.
The BMWi (German: Ministry for Economic Affairs) gathers and distributes market information and supports semiprivate and private organizations, such as overseas chambers of commerce. Within the BMWi is the Federal Office for Foreign Trade (Bundesstelle
See: Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft.
An extra charge sometimes added to steamship freight rates; justified by higher fuel costs. (Also known as Fuel Adjustment Factor or FAF.)
A tanker equipped to supply other vessels with bunker fuels
A Maritime term referring to Fuel used aboard the ship. Coal stowage areas aboard a vessel in the past were in bins or bunkers.
A vessel equipped for buoy laying and/or maintenance and for supply of stores and personnel to lighthouses
A vessel equipped for buoy laying and/or maintenance
The Bureau of International Expositions, BIE, is an international organization established by the Paris Convention of 1928 to regulate the conduct and scheduling of international expositions in which foreign nations are officially invited to participate.
The BCIU is an independent, non-partisan, business association which was formed at the initiative of President Eisenhower. BCIU operates the U.S. Ambassadorial and Senior Diplomat Industry Program in which most U.S. Ambassadors come to BCIU after appoint
BISNIS is a one-stop shop for U.S. firms interested in obtaining assistance on selling in the markets of the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, T
An act mandating preferential treatment for American products when awarding some government procurement contracts. This act is waived for purchases covered by the government procurement code.
BARs were derived from the Buy American Act (BAA) of March 1933 and amended by the Buy American Act of 1988. Restrictions may take several forms, including: (a) straightforward prohibition of public sector bodies from purchasing goods from foreign suppl
See: Countertrade.